Photothermal Supercapacitors with Gel Polymer Electrolytes for Wide Temperature Range Operation

To deliver electrochemical energy over a wide range of temperatures, this work studies new gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) for photothermal supercapacitors operating from −60 to 65 °C. The GPE consists polyacrylonitrile mixed with an active filler sodium polystyrenesulfonate that simultaneously improves ionic conductivity and traps metal cation impurities. self-discharge rate impurity diffusion coefficients in the were lowered by minimize loss hot environments. For cold settings, devices packaged conversion layer increased internal cell temperature raised density 94 μWh/cm2 at output power 0.4 mW/cm2 °C chamber. combination our improved stored thereby extended operational time motor driven start supercapacitor, demonstrating high-performance design suitable harsh